1 /*
2 File: PooledExecutor.java
3
4 Originally written by Doug Lea and released into the public domain.
5 This may be used for any purposes whatsoever without acknowledgment.
6 Thanks for the assistance and support of Sun Microsystems Labs,
7 and everyone contributing, testing, and using this code.
8
9 History:
10 Date Who What
11 19Jun1998 dl Create public version
12 29aug1998 dl rely on ThreadFactoryUser,
13 remove ThreadGroup-based methods
14 adjusted locking policies
15 3mar1999 dl Worker threads sense decreases in pool size
16 31mar1999 dl Allow supplied channel in constructor;
17 add methods createThreads, drain
18 15may1999 dl Allow infinite keepalives
19 21oct1999 dl add minimumPoolSize methods
20 7sep2000 dl BlockedExecutionHandler now an interface,
21 new DiscardOldestWhenBlocked policy
22 12oct2000 dl add shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks
23 13nov2000 dl null out task ref after run
24 08apr2001 dl declare inner class ctor protected
25 12nov2001 dl Better shutdown support
26 Blocked exec handlers can throw IE
27 Simplify locking scheme
28 25jan2001 dl {get,set}BlockedExecutionHandler now public
29 17may2002 dl null out task var in worker run to enable GC.
30 */
31
32 package EDU.oswego.cs.dl.util.concurrent;
33 import java.util;
34
35 /**
36 * A tunable, extensible thread pool class. The main supported public
37 * method is <code>execute(Runnable command)</code>, which can be
38 * called instead of directly creating threads to execute commands.
39 *
40 * <p>
41 * Thread pools can be useful for several, usually intertwined
42 * reasons:
43 *
44 * <ul>
45 *
46 * <li> To bound resource use. A limit can be placed on the maximum
47 * number of simultaneously executing threads.
48 *
49 * <li> To manage concurrency levels. A targeted number of threads
50 * can be allowed to execute simultaneously.
51 *
52 * <li> To manage a set of threads performing related tasks.
53 *
54 * <li> To minimize overhead, by reusing previously constructed
55 * Thread objects rather than creating new ones. (Note however
56 * that pools are hardly ever cure-alls for performance problems
57 * associated with thread construction, especially on JVMs that
58 * themselves internally pool or recycle threads.)
59 *
60 * </ul>
61 *
62 * These goals introduce a number of policy parameters that are
63 * encapsulated in this class. All of these parameters have defaults
64 * and are tunable, either via get/set methods, or, in cases where
65 * decisions should hold across lifetimes, via methods that can be
66 * easily overridden in subclasses. The main, most commonly set
67 * parameters can be established in constructors. Policy choices
68 * across these dimensions can and do interact. Be careful, and
69 * please read this documentation completely before using! See also
70 * the usage examples below.
71 *
72 * <dl>
73 * <dt> Queueing
74 *
75 * <dd> By default, this pool uses queueless synchronous channels to
76 * to hand off work to threads. This is a safe, conservative policy
77 * that avoids lockups when handling sets of requests that might
78 * have internal dependencies. (In these cases, queuing one task
79 * could lock up another that would be able to continue if the
80 * queued task were to run.) If you are sure that this cannot
81 * happen, then you can instead supply a queue of some sort (for
82 * example, a BoundedBuffer or LinkedQueue) in the constructor.
83 * This will cause new commands to be queued in cases where all
84 * MaximumPoolSize threads are busy. Queues are sometimes
85 * appropriate when each task is completely independent of others,
86 * so tasks cannot affect each others execution. For example, in an
87 * http server. <p>
88 *
89 * When given a choice, this pool always prefers adding a new thread
90 * rather than queueing if there are currently fewer than the
91 * current getMinimumPoolSize threads running, but otherwise always
92 * prefers queuing a request rather than adding a new thread. Thus,
93 * if you use an unbounded buffer, you will never have more than
94 * getMinimumPoolSize threads running. (Since the default
95 * minimumPoolSize is one, you will probably want to explicitly
96 * setMinimumPoolSize.) <p>
97 *
98 * While queuing can be useful in smoothing out transient bursts of
99 * requests, especially in socket-based services, it is not very
100 * well behaved when commands continue to arrive on average faster
101 * than they can be processed. Using bounds for both the queue and
102 * the pool size, along with run-when-blocked policy is often a
103 * reasonable response to such possibilities. <p>
104 *
105 * Queue sizes and maximum pool sizes can often be traded off for
106 * each other. Using large queues and small pools minimizes CPU
107 * usage, OS resources, and context-switching overhead, but can lead
108 * to artifically low throughput. Especially if tasks frequently
109 * block (for example if they are I/O bound), a JVM and underlying
110 * OS may be able to schedule time for more threads than you
111 * otherwise allow. Use of small queues or queueless handoffs
112 * generally requires larger pool sizes, which keeps CPUs busier but
113 * may encounter unacceptable scheduling overhead, which also
114 * decreases throughput. <p>
115 *
116 * <dt> Maximum Pool size
117 *
118 * <dd> The maximum number of threads to use, when needed. The pool
119 * does not by default preallocate threads. Instead, a thread is
120 * created, if necessary and if there are fewer than the maximum,
121 * only when an <code>execute</code> request arrives. The default
122 * value is (for all practical purposes) infinite --
123 * <code>Integer.MAX_VALUE</code>, so should be set in the
124 * constructor or the set method unless you are just using the pool
125 * to minimize construction overhead. Because task handoffs to idle
126 * worker threads require synchronization that in turn relies on JVM
127 * scheduling policies to ensure progress, it is possible that a new
128 * thread will be created even though an existing worker thread has
129 * just become idle but has not progressed to the point at which it
130 * can accept a new task. This phenomenon tends to occur on some
131 * JVMs when bursts of short tasks are executed. <p>
132 *
133 * <dt> Minimum Pool size
134 *
135 * <dd> The minimum number of threads to use, when needed (default
136 * 1). When a new request is received, and fewer than the minimum
137 * number of threads are running, a new thread is always created to
138 * handle the request even if other worker threads are idly waiting
139 * for work. Otherwise, a new thread is created only if there are
140 * fewer than the maximum and the request cannot immediately be
141 * queued. <p>
142 *
143 * <dt> Preallocation
144 *
145 * <dd> You can override lazy thread construction policies via
146 * method createThreads, which establishes a given number of warm
147 * threads. Be aware that these preallocated threads will time out
148 * and die (and later be replaced with others if needed) if not used
149 * within the keep-alive time window. If you use preallocation, you
150 * probably want to increase the keepalive time. The difference
151 * between setMinimumPoolSize and createThreads is that
152 * createThreads immediately establishes threads, while setting the
153 * minimum pool size waits until requests arrive. <p>
154 *
155 * <dt> Keep-alive time
156 *
157 * <dd> If the pool maintained references to a fixed set of threads
158 * in the pool, then it would impede garbage collection of otherwise
159 * idle threads. This would defeat the resource-management aspects
160 * of pools. One solution would be to use weak references. However,
161 * this would impose costly and difficult synchronization issues.
162 * Instead, threads are simply allowed to terminate and thus be
163 * GCable if they have been idle for the given keep-alive time. The
164 * value of this parameter represents a trade-off between GCability
165 * and construction time. In most current Java VMs, thread
166 * construction and cleanup overhead is on the order of
167 * milliseconds. The default keep-alive value is one minute, which
168 * means that the time needed to construct and then GC a thread is
169 * expended at most once per minute.
170 * <p>
171 *
172 * To establish worker threads permanently, use a <em>negative</em>
173 * argument to setKeepAliveTime. <p>
174 *
175 * <dt> Blocked execution policy
176 *
177 * <dd> If the maximum pool size or queue size is bounded, then it
178 * is possible for incoming <code>execute</code> requests to
179 * block. There are four supported policies for handling this
180 * problem, and mechanics (based on the Strategy Object pattern) to
181 * allow others in subclasses: <p>
182 *
183 * <dl>
184 * <dt> Run (the default)
185 * <dd> The thread making the <code>execute</code> request
186 * runs the task itself. This policy helps guard against lockup.
187 * <dt> Wait
188 * <dd> Wait until a thread becomes available.
189 * <dt> Abort
190 * <dd> Throw a RuntimeException
191 * <dt> Discard
192 * <dd> Throw away the current request and return.
193 * <dt> DiscardOldest
194 * <dd> Throw away the oldest request and return.
195 * </dl>
196 *
197 * Other plausible policies include raising the maximum pool size
198 * after checking with some other objects that this is OK. <p>
199 *
200 * These cases can never occur if the maximum pool size is unbounded
201 * or the queue is unbounded. In these cases you instead face
202 * potential resource exhaustion.) The execute method does not
203 * throw any checked exceptions in any of these cases since any
204 * errors associated with them must normally be dealt with via
205 * handlers or callbacks. (Although in some cases, these might be
206 * associated with throwing unchecked exceptions.) You may wish to
207 * add special implementations even if you choose one of the listed
208 * policies. For example, the supplied Discard policy does not
209 * inform the caller of the drop. You could add your own version
210 * that does so. Since choice of policies is normally a system-wide
211 * decision, selecting a policy affects all calls to
212 * <code>execute</code>. If for some reason you would instead like
213 * to make per-call decisions, you could add variant versions of the
214 * <code>execute</code> method (for example,
215 * <code>executeIfWouldNotBlock</code>) in subclasses. <p>
216 *
217 * <dt> Thread construction parameters
218 *
219 * <dd> A settable ThreadFactory establishes each new thread. By
220 * default, it merely generates a new instance of class Thread, but
221 * can be changed to use a Thread subclass, to set priorities,
222 * ThreadLocals, etc. <p>
223 *
224 * <dt> Interruption policy
225 *
226 * <dd> Worker threads check for interruption after processing each
227 * command, and terminate upon interruption. Fresh threads will
228 * replace them if needed. Thus, new tasks will not start out in an
229 * interrupted state due to an uncleared interruption in a previous
230 * task. Also, unprocessed commands are never dropped upon
231 * interruption. It would conceptually suffice simply to clear
232 * interruption between tasks, but implementation characteristics of
233 * interruption-based methods are uncertain enough to warrant this
234 * conservative strategy. It is a good idea to be equally
235 * conservative in your code for the tasks running within pools.
236 * <p>
237 *
238 * <dt> Shutdown policy
239 *
240 * <dd> The interruptAll method interrupts, but does not disable the
241 * pool. Two different shutdown methods are supported for use when
242 * you do want to (permanently) stop processing tasks. Method
243 * shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks waits until all
244 * current tasks are finished. The shutDownNow method interrupts
245 * current threads and leaves other queued requests unprocessed.
246 * <p>
247 *
248 * <dt> Handling requests after shutdown
249 *
250 * <dd> When the pool is shutdown, new incoming requests are handled
251 * by the blockedExecutionHandler. By default, the handler is set to
252 * discard new requests, but this can be set with an optional
253 * argument to method
254 * shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks. <p> Also, if you are
255 * using some form of queuing, you may wish to call method drain()
256 * to remove (and return) unprocessed commands from the queue after
257 * shutting down the pool and its clients. If you need to be sure
258 * these commands are processed, you can then run() each of the
259 * commands in the list returned by drain().
260 *
261 * </dl>
262 * <p>
263 *
264 * <b>Usage examples.</b>
265 * <p>
266 *
267 * Probably the most common use of pools is in statics or singletons
268 * accessible from a number of classes in a package; for example:
269 *
270 * <pre>
271 * class MyPool {
272 * // initialize to use a maximum of 8 threads.
273 * static PooledExecutor pool = new PooledExecutor(8);
274 * }
275 * </pre>
276 * Here are some sample variants in initialization:
277 * <ol>
278 * <li> Using a bounded buffer of 10 tasks, at least 4 threads (started only
279 * when needed due to incoming requests), but allowing
280 * up to 100 threads if the buffer gets full.
281 * <pre>
282 * pool = new PooledExecutor(new BoundedBuffer(10), 100);
283 * pool.setMinimumPoolSize(4);
284 * </pre>
285 * <li> Same as (1), except pre-start 9 threads, allowing them to
286 * die if they are not used for five minutes.
287 * <pre>
288 * pool = new PooledExecutor(new BoundedBuffer(10), 100);
289 * pool.setMinimumPoolSize(4);
290 * pool.setKeepAliveTime(1000 * 60 * 5);
291 * pool.createThreads(9);
292 * </pre>
293 * <li> Same as (2) except clients block if both the buffer is full and
294 * all 100 threads are busy:
295 * <pre>
296 * pool = new PooledExecutor(new BoundedBuffer(10), 100);
297 * pool.setMinimumPoolSize(4);
298 * pool.setKeepAliveTime(1000 * 60 * 5);
299 * pool.waitWhenBlocked();
300 * pool.createThreads(9);
301 * </pre>
302 * <li> An unbounded queue serviced by exactly 5 threads:
303 * <pre>
304 * pool = new PooledExecutor(new LinkedQueue());
305 * pool.setKeepAliveTime(-1); // live forever
306 * pool.createThreads(5);
307 * </pre>
308 * </ol>
309 *
310 * <p>
311 * <b>Usage notes.</b>
312 * <p>
313 *
314 * Pools do not mesh well with using thread-specific storage via
315 * java.lang.ThreadLocal. ThreadLocal relies on the identity of a
316 * thread executing a particular task. Pools use the same thread to
317 * perform different tasks. <p>
318 *
319 * If you need a policy not handled by the parameters in this class
320 * consider writing a subclass. <p>
321 *
322 * Version note: Previous versions of this class relied on
323 * ThreadGroups for aggregate control. This has been removed, and the
324 * method interruptAll added, to avoid differences in behavior across
325 * JVMs.
326 *
327 * <p>[<a href="http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/classes/EDU/oswego/cs/dl/util/concurrent/intro.html"> Introduction to this package. </a>]
328 **/
329
330 public class PooledExecutor extends ThreadFactoryUser implements Executor {
331
332 /**
333 * The maximum pool size; used if not otherwise specified. Default
334 * value is essentially infinite (Integer.MAX_VALUE)
335 **/
336 public static final int DEFAULT_MAXIMUMPOOLSIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
337
338 /**
339 * The minimum pool size; used if not otherwise specified. Default
340 * value is 1.
341 **/
342 public static final int DEFAULT_MINIMUMPOOLSIZE = 1;
343
344 /**
345 * The maximum time to keep worker threads alive waiting for new
346 * tasks; used if not otherwise specified. Default value is one
347 * minute (60000 milliseconds).
348 **/
349 public static final long DEFAULT_KEEPALIVETIME = 60 * 1000;
350
351 /** The maximum number of threads allowed in pool. **/
352 protected int maximumPoolSize_ = DEFAULT_MAXIMUMPOOLSIZE;
353
354 /** The minumum number of threads to maintain in pool. **/
355 protected int minimumPoolSize_ = DEFAULT_MINIMUMPOOLSIZE;
356
357 /** Current pool size. **/
358 protected int poolSize_ = 0;
359
360 /** The maximum time for an idle thread to wait for new task. **/
361 protected long keepAliveTime_ = DEFAULT_KEEPALIVETIME;
362
363 /**
364 * Shutdown flag - latches true when a shutdown method is called
365 * in order to disable queuing/handoffs of new tasks.
366 **/
367 protected boolean shutdown_ = false;
368
369 /**
370 * The channel used to hand off the command to a thread in the pool.
371 **/
372 protected final Channel handOff_;
373
374 /**
375 * The set of active threads, declared as a map from workers to
376 * their threads. This is needed by the interruptAll method. It
377 * may also be useful in subclasses that need to perform other
378 * thread management chores.
379 **/
380 protected final Map threads_;
381
382 /** The current handler for unserviceable requests. **/
383 protected BlockedExecutionHandler blockedExecutionHandler_;
384
385 /**
386 * Create a new pool with all default settings
387 **/
388
389 public PooledExecutor() {
390 this (new SynchronousChannel(), DEFAULT_MAXIMUMPOOLSIZE);
391 }
392
393 /**
394 * Create a new pool with all default settings except
395 * for maximum pool size.
396 **/
397
398 public PooledExecutor(int maxPoolSize) {
399 this(new SynchronousChannel(), maxPoolSize);
400 }
401
402 /**
403 * Create a new pool that uses the supplied Channel for queuing, and
404 * with all default parameter settings.
405 **/
406
407 public PooledExecutor(Channel channel) {
408 this(channel, DEFAULT_MAXIMUMPOOLSIZE);
409 }
410
411 /**
412 * Create a new pool that uses the supplied Channel for queuing, and
413 * with all default parameter settings except for maximum pool size.
414 **/
415
416 public PooledExecutor(Channel channel, int maxPoolSize) {
417 maximumPoolSize_ = maxPoolSize;
418 handOff_ = channel;
419 runWhenBlocked();
420 threads_ = new HashMap();
421 }
422
423 /**
424 * Return the maximum number of threads to simultaneously execute
425 * New unqueued requests will be handled according to the current
426 * blocking policy once this limit is exceeded.
427 **/
428 public synchronized int getMaximumPoolSize() {
429 return maximumPoolSize_;
430 }
431
432 /**
433 * Set the maximum number of threads to use. Decreasing the pool
434 * size will not immediately kill existing threads, but they may
435 * later die when idle.
436 * @exception IllegalArgumentException if less or equal to zero.
437 * (It is
438 * not considered an error to set the maximum to be less than than
439 * the minimum. However, in this case there are no guarantees
440 * about behavior.)
441 **/
442 public synchronized void setMaximumPoolSize(int newMaximum) {
443 if (newMaximum <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
444 maximumPoolSize_ = newMaximum;
445 }
446
447 /**
448 * Return the minimum number of threads to simultaneously execute.
449 * (Default value is 1). If fewer than the mininum number are
450 * running upon reception of a new request, a new thread is started
451 * to handle this request.
452 **/
453 public synchronized int getMinimumPoolSize() {
454 return minimumPoolSize_;
455 }
456
457 /**
458 * Set the minimum number of threads to use.
459 * @exception IllegalArgumentException if less than zero. (It is not
460 * considered an error to set the minimum to be greater than the
461 * maximum. However, in this case there are no guarantees about
462 * behavior.)
463 **/
464 public synchronized void setMinimumPoolSize(int newMinimum) {
465 if (newMinimum < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
466 minimumPoolSize_ = newMinimum;
467 }
468
469 /**
470 * Return the current number of active threads in the pool. This
471 * number is just a snaphot, and may change immediately upon
472 * returning
473 **/
474 public synchronized int getPoolSize() {
475 return poolSize_;
476 }
477
478 /**
479 * Return the number of milliseconds to keep threads alive waiting
480 * for new commands. A negative value means to wait forever. A zero
481 * value means not to wait at all.
482 **/
483 public synchronized long getKeepAliveTime() {
484 return keepAliveTime_;
485 }
486
487 /**
488 * Set the number of milliseconds to keep threads alive waiting for
489 * new commands. A negative value means to wait forever. A zero
490 * value means not to wait at all.
491 **/
492 public synchronized void setKeepAliveTime(long msecs) {
493 keepAliveTime_ = msecs;
494 }
495
496 /** Get the handler for blocked execution **/
497 public synchronized BlockedExecutionHandler getBlockedExecutionHandler() {
498 return blockedExecutionHandler_;
499 }
500
501 /** Set the handler for blocked execution **/
502 public synchronized void setBlockedExecutionHandler(BlockedExecutionHandler h) {
503 blockedExecutionHandler_ = h;
504 }
505
506 /**
507 * Create and start a thread to handle a new command. Call only
508 * when holding lock.
509 **/
510 protected void addThread(Runnable command) {
511 Worker worker = new Worker(command);
512 Thread thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(worker);
513 threads_.put(worker, thread);
514 ++poolSize_;
515 thread.start();
516 }
517
518 /**
519 * Create and start up to numberOfThreads threads in the pool.
520 * Return the number created. This may be less than the number
521 * requested if creating more would exceed maximum pool size bound.
522 **/
523 public int createThreads(int numberOfThreads) {
524 int ncreated = 0;
525 for (int i = 0; i < numberOfThreads; ++i) {
526 synchronized(this) {
527 if (poolSize_ < maximumPoolSize_) {
528 addThread(null);
529 ++ncreated;
530 }
531 else
532 break;
533 }
534 }
535 return ncreated;
536 }
537
538 /**
539 * Interrupt all threads in the pool, causing them all to
540 * terminate. Assuming that executed tasks do not disable (clear)
541 * interruptions, each thread will terminate after processing its
542 * current task. Threads will terminate sooner if the executed tasks
543 * themselves respond to interrupts.
544 **/
545 public synchronized void interruptAll() {
546 for (Iterator it = threads_.values().iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
547 Thread t = (Thread)(it.next());
548 t.interrupt();
549 }
550 }
551
552 /**
553 * Interrupt all threads and disable construction of new
554 * threads. Any tasks entered after this point will be discarded. A
555 * shut down pool cannot be restarted.
556 */
557 public void shutdownNow() {
558 shutdownNow(new DiscardWhenBlocked());
559 }
560
561 /**
562 * Interrupt all threads and disable construction of new
563 * threads. Any tasks entered after this point will be handled by
564 * the given BlockedExecutionHandler. A shut down pool cannot be
565 * restarted.
566 */
567 public synchronized void shutdownNow(BlockedExecutionHandler handler) {
568 setBlockedExecutionHandler(handler);
569 shutdown_ = true; // don't allow new tasks
570 minimumPoolSize_ = maximumPoolSize_ = 0; // don't make new threads
571 interruptAll(); // interrupt all existing threads
572 }
573
574 /**
575 * Terminate threads after processing all elements currently in
576 * queue. Any tasks entered after this point will be discarded. A
577 * shut down pool cannot be restarted.
578 **/
579 public void shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks() {
580 shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks(new DiscardWhenBlocked());
581 }
582
583 /**
584 * Terminate threads after processing all elements currently in
585 * queue. Any tasks entered after this point will be handled by the
586 * given BlockedExecutionHandler. A shut down pool cannot be
587 * restarted.
588 **/
589 public synchronized void shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks(BlockedExecutionHandler handler) {
590 setBlockedExecutionHandler(handler);
591 shutdown_ = true;
592 if (poolSize_ == 0) // disable new thread construction when idle
593 minimumPoolSize_ = maximumPoolSize_ = 0;
594 }
595
596 /**
597 * Return true if a shutDown method has succeeded in terminating all
598 * threads.
599 */
600 public synchronized boolean isTerminatedAfterShutdown() {
601 return shutdown_ && poolSize_ == 0;
602 }
603
604 /**
605 * Wait for a shutdown pool to fully terminate, or until the timeout
606 * has expired. This method may only be called <em>after</em>
607 * invoking shutdownNow or
608 * shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks.
609 *
610 * @param maxWaitTime the maximum time in milliseconds to wait
611 * @return true if the pool has terminated within the max wait period
612 * @exception IllegalStateException if shutdown has not been requested
613 * @exception InterruptedException if the current thread has been interrupted in the course of waiting
614 */
615 public synchronized boolean awaitTerminationAfterShutdown(long maxWaitTime) throws InterruptedException {
616 if (!shutdown_)
617 throw new IllegalStateException();
618 if (poolSize_ == 0)
619 return true;
620 long waitTime = maxWaitTime;
621 if (waitTime <= 0)
622 return false;
623 long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
624 for (;;) {
625 wait(waitTime);
626 if (poolSize_ == 0)
627 return true;
628 waitTime = maxWaitTime - (System.currentTimeMillis() - start);
629 if (waitTime <= 0)
630 return false;
631 }
632 }
633
634 /**
635 * Wait for a shutdown pool to fully terminate. This method may
636 * only be called <em>after</em> invoking shutdownNow or
637 * shutdownAfterProcessingCurrentlyQueuedTasks.
638 *
639 * @exception IllegalStateException if shutdown has not been requested
640 * @exception InterruptedException if the current thread has been interrupted in the course of waiting
641 */
642 public synchronized void awaitTerminationAfterShutdown() throws InterruptedException {
643 if (!shutdown_)
644 throw new IllegalStateException();
645 while (poolSize_ > 0)
646 wait();
647 }
648
649 /**
650 * Remove all unprocessed tasks from pool queue, and return them in
651 * a java.util.List. Thsi method should be used only when there are
652 * not any active clients of the pool. Otherwise you face the
653 * possibility that the method will loop pulling out tasks as
654 * clients are putting them in. This method can be useful after
655 * shutting down a pool (via shutdownNow) to determine whether there
656 * are any pending tasks that were not processed. You can then, for
657 * example execute all unprocessed commands via code along the lines
658 * of:
659 *
660 * <pre>
661 * List tasks = pool.drain();
662 * for (Iterator it = tasks.iterator(); it.hasNext();)
663 * ( (Runnable)(it.next()) ).run();
664 * </pre>
665 **/
666 public List drain() {
667 boolean wasInterrupted = false;
668 Vector tasks = new Vector();
669 for (;;) {
670 try {
671 Object x = handOff_.poll(0);
672 if (x == null)
673 break;
674 else
675 tasks.addElement(x);
676 }
677 catch (InterruptedException ex) {
678 wasInterrupted = true; // postpone re-interrupt until drained
679 }
680 }
681 if (wasInterrupted) Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
682 return tasks;
683 }
684
685 /**
686 * Cleanup method called upon termination of worker thread.
687 **/
688 protected synchronized void workerDone(Worker w) {
689 threads_.remove(w);
690 if (--poolSize_ == 0 && shutdown_) {
691 maximumPoolSize_ = minimumPoolSize_ = 0; // disable new threads
692 notifyAll(); // notify awaitTerminationAfterShutdown
693 }
694 }
695
696 /**
697 * Get a task from the handoff queue, or null if shutting down.
698 **/
699 protected Runnable getTask() throws InterruptedException {
700 long waitTime;
701 synchronized(this) {
702 if (poolSize_ > maximumPoolSize_) // Cause to die if too many threads
703 return null;
704 waitTime = (shutdown_)? 0 : keepAliveTime_;
705 }
706 if (waitTime >= 0)
707 return (Runnable)(handOff_.poll(waitTime));
708 else
709 return (Runnable)(handOff_.take());
710 }
711
712
713 /**
714 * Class defining the basic run loop for pooled threads.
715 **/
716 protected class Worker implements Runnable {
717 protected Runnable firstTask_;
718
719 protected Worker(Runnable firstTask) { firstTask_ = firstTask; }
720
721 public void run() {
722 try {
723 Runnable task = firstTask_;
724 firstTask_ = null; // enable GC
725
726 if (task != null) {
727 task.run();
728 task = null;
729 }
730
731 while ( (task = getTask()) != null) {
732 task.run();
733 task = null;
734 }
735 }
736 catch (InterruptedException ex) { } // fall through
737 finally {
738 workerDone(this);
739 }
740 }
741 }
742
743 /**
744 * Class for actions to take when execute() blocks. Uses Strategy
745 * pattern to represent different actions. You can add more in
746 * subclasses, and/or create subclasses of these. If so, you will
747 * also want to add or modify the corresponding methods that set the
748 * current blockedExectionHandler_.
749 **/
750 public interface BlockedExecutionHandler {
751 /**
752 * Return true if successfully handled so, execute should
753 * terminate; else return false if execute loop should be retried.
754 **/
755 boolean blockedAction(Runnable command) throws InterruptedException;
756 }
757
758 /** Class defining Run action. **/
759 protected class RunWhenBlocked implements BlockedExecutionHandler {
760 public boolean blockedAction(Runnable command) {
761 command.run();
762 return true;
763 }
764 }
765
766 /**
767 * Set the policy for blocked execution to be that the current
768 * thread executes the command if there are no available threads in
769 * the pool.
770 **/
771 public void runWhenBlocked() {
772 setBlockedExecutionHandler(new RunWhenBlocked());
773 }
774
775 /** Class defining Wait action. **/
776 protected class WaitWhenBlocked implements BlockedExecutionHandler {
777 public boolean blockedAction(Runnable command) throws InterruptedException{
778 handOff_.put(command);
779 return true;
780 }
781 }
782
783 /**
784 * Set the policy for blocked execution to be to wait until a thread
785 * is available.
786 **/
787 public void waitWhenBlocked() {
788 setBlockedExecutionHandler(new WaitWhenBlocked());
789 }
790
791 /** Class defining Discard action. **/
792 protected class DiscardWhenBlocked implements BlockedExecutionHandler {
793 public boolean blockedAction(Runnable command) {
794 return true;
795 }
796 }
797
798 /**
799 * Set the policy for blocked execution to be to return without
800 * executing the request.
801 **/
802 public void discardWhenBlocked() {
803 setBlockedExecutionHandler(new DiscardWhenBlocked());
804 }
805
806
807 /** Class defining Abort action. **/
808 protected class AbortWhenBlocked implements BlockedExecutionHandler {
809 public boolean blockedAction(Runnable command) {
810 throw new AbortException();
811 }
812 }
813 public class AbortException extends RuntimeException {
814 public AbortException() {
815 }
816 }
817
818 /**
819 * Set the policy for blocked execution to be to
820 * throw a RuntimeException.
821 **/
822 public void abortWhenBlocked() {
823 setBlockedExecutionHandler(new AbortWhenBlocked());
824 }
825
826
827 /**
828 * Class defining DiscardOldest action. Under this policy, at most
829 * one old unhandled task is discarded. If the new task can then be
830 * handed off, it is. Otherwise, the new task is run in the current
831 * thread (i.e., RunWhenBlocked is used as a backup policy.)
832 **/
833 protected class DiscardOldestWhenBlocked implements BlockedExecutionHandler {
834 public boolean blockedAction(Runnable command) throws InterruptedException{
835 handOff_.poll(0);
836 if (!handOff_.offer(command, 0))
837 command.run();
838 return true;
839 }
840 }
841
842 /**
843 * Set the policy for blocked execution to be to discard the oldest
844 * unhandled request
845 **/
846 public void discardOldestWhenBlocked() {
847 setBlockedExecutionHandler(new DiscardOldestWhenBlocked());
848 }
849
850 /**
851 * Arrange for the given command to be executed by a thread in this
852 * pool. The method normally returns when the command has been
853 * handed off for (possibly later) execution.
854 **/
855 public void execute(Runnable command) throws InterruptedException {
856 for (;;) {
857 synchronized(this) {
858 if (!shutdown_) {
859 int size = poolSize_;
860
861 // Ensure minimum number of threads
862 if (size < minimumPoolSize_) {
863 addThread(command);
864 return;
865 }
866
867 // Try to give to existing thread
868 if (handOff_.offer(command, 0)) {
869 return;
870 }
871
872 // If cannot handoff and still under maximum, create new thread
873 if (size < maximumPoolSize_) {
874 addThread(command);
875 return;
876 }
877 }
878 }
879
880 // Cannot hand off and cannot create -- ask for help
881 if (getBlockedExecutionHandler().blockedAction(command)) {
882 return;
883 }
884 }
885 }
886 }